The sewer system, like others, consists of many elements of different importance that ensure its efficient operation. One of the most significant is the manhole, which serves to maintain and monitor the condition and functioning of the sewer. The arrangement of manholes is necessary when changing the slope of the sewers, their direction, and the diameter of the pipes.

• Linear manholes are installed on straight sections of the sewerage system.
• Rotary wells are placed in places where the direction of the sewer line changes, that is, at turns. The tray has outlines of a smooth curved line.
• The nodal well is equipped at the junction points of several sewer branches. The tray assembly connects no more than three inlet pipes and one outlet pipe. In large collector networks, this design is called a connecting chamber.
• Control manholes are equipped at the points of connection of the intra-quarter, yard, factory network to the street. They are placed behind the red building line.
• Flushing wells are installed in the primary (starting) sections, where sedimentation is possible due to low speed and flushing of pipes is required.
• Drop wells are placed in sewer sections where the level of the outlet and inlet pipes does not match.
• Wells with enlarged hatch sizes are installed on collectors with a diameter of 600 mm.

Construction of manholes

Regardless of the type, manholes have a similar design and consist of a hatch, a neck, a working chamber, a tray and a base. They are made from various materials: reinforced concrete blocks, stone, brick, plastic. If the manhole is located on an area without a pavement, then it is necessary to build a blind area around it, which will serve to drain water.

A typical design of a manhole is shown in the figure.

Inspection wells consist of a hatch, a neck, a working chamber, a tray and a base

In plan, they most often have the shape of a circle or rectangle. The base is made of reinforced concrete slabs, which are laid on crushed stone. In the well, the pipeline passes into the tray - this is the main technological detail, wastewater flows through it. The surface of the tray in its lower part repeats the inner part of the pipe, the top is vertical. Its total height should not be less than the diameter of the larger pipe. It is made of monolithic concrete using templates, the surface is rubbed, ironing is also used. On both sides of the tray, shelves (berms) are arranged on which workers can be accommodated during various operational activities. The shelves are given a slight slope towards the tray itself.

The working chamber must be equipped with brackets or ladders for descent. Its dimensions should provide comfort when performing various manipulations inside. The height is usually 1800 mm, and the diameter depends on the diameter of the pipe. So with pipe d 600 mm - 1000 mm; with pipe d 800-1000 mm - 1500 mm; with pipe d 1200 - 2000 mm. The neck, most often, has a standard size of 700 mm and ends with a hatch. Hatches are mounted at a height of 70 mm to 200 mm above the ground.

Manhole hatches must perform several important functions: protect the chamber from debris, clogging, and protect people from accidents. For manufacturing, both cast iron and polymeric materials are used, from which light, durable, strong hatches are made.

Lightweight, durable, strong hatches for manholes are made from polymeric materials.

Cast iron hatches, unlike them, are more massive, but they are best suited for laying on the roadway.

Distances between manholes

When installing a sewer system, it should be borne in mind that the distance between manholes (linear) depends on the diameter of the pipes:

• d 50 mm - distance 35 m;
• d 200 mm - distance 50 m;
• d 500 mm - distance 75 m;
• d 700-900 mm - distance 100 m;
• d 1000-1400 mm - distance 150 m;
• d 1500-2000 mm distance 200 m;
• d > 2000 - distance 300 meters.

Drainage manholes

Very often, when arranging a site, there is a need to drain groundwater and arrange drainage. Although it is believed that groundwater does not contain debris, this is not entirely true. After a certain period of time, sediment is deposited at the bottom of the collectors, which must be removed. In order to keep the drainage system in good condition, it is necessary to equip a drainage manhole according to existing requirements. Install it at the place of rotation and sharp drops in the slope of the drainage pipes, which allows you to have access to all parts of the system.

A manhole drain helps keep the drainage system in good condition

On straight sections, the distance between wells is no more than 50 m, and on winding sections - after one turn.

In custody

A competent arrangement of sewer systems is impossible without the arrangement of manholes. Depending on the design, several of their types are distinguished, each of which is best suited in a particular case. The process of building a viewing well requires significant financial costs associated with the use of special equipment, massive structures and significant time and effort, so it is better to entrust this event to specialists.

Sewerage is an indispensable thing in urban life, used to drain wastewater, which, in the absence of it, would not have been where to go. It is present in every residential area.

What is a sewer well? - a question of interest to many. The structure of the sewer well is as follows:

1. Bottom - the lower part of the well, in direct contact with wastewater.
2. Shaft - a cavity equipped with a ladder inside a well 1.8 m long, used for various technical works.
3. The working chamber is the space in which all work with pipes is carried out.
4. Neck - the upper part of the well with a hole for the hatch.
5. The hatch is the closing component of the well, which makes it possible to avoid the entry of foreign objects into the well, including animals and people.

In a graphical expression, the design of the sewer well has the following form:

The designs of sewer wells are quite diverse, due to which they can be divided into the following types.

Variable

Overflow sewer wells are structures installed in places where it is necessary to reduce or increase the intensity of wastewater.

Installed in the following cases:

1. When there is a risk of changing the flow rate.
2. When crossing the sewer line.
3. When laying another pipeline.
4. In case of partial flooding of the water outlet.

Lookouts

Inspection sewer wells - wells used to monitor the state of the system as a whole, as well as to eliminate malfunctions that have arisen in it, have no analogues.

Installed in the following locations:

1. In the area of ​​​​changing the slope and diameter of the pipe - it is most prone to breakage.
2. In the area of ​​flow change.
3. In places where the main pipeline branches.
4. In places that seem to be reliable, but still require observation.

Swivel

They are mounted in those places where the pipeline is turned.

nodal

Mounted in case of branches from the main pipeline.

Direct-flow

1. Linear - designed directly for routine inspection and cleaning of networks.
2. Flushing - installed directly at the beginning of the network to flush it.
3. Control - installed in places of direct discharge of purified water into the sewer to monitor its quality indicators.

Features of calculating the dimensions of the sewer well and the depth of its installation

The first thing to do before building a well is to calculate its volume and determine the location. When making calculations, you should, first of all, take into account the number of bathrooms and people in this house. The volume of the well is directly dependent on the amount of water consumed. So, a family of four consumes water in the amount of 1000 liters per day.

According to existing standards, it is considered that a well for drains, with a bottom area of ​​1 sq. m. copes with a volume of water equal to one cubic meter. The working volume of the pit should have a margin that is equal to three times the daily rate. Accordingly, the volume of the pit for a family of 4 people should be 3 square meters. m.

Knowing approximately the required volume of sewage, you can calculate its size. The average depth of a sewer well is 2.5 - 3 meters. We subtract the distance above the drain pipe, which is equal to 70 cm, and we get the working depth of the well, the maximum indicator of which is 2.3 meters. Next, by a simple mathematical operation of a geometric nature, we calculate its volume.

The volume of the sewer well is calculated using data such as:

1. The area of ​​the bottom of the well.
2. Well height.

The most common are wells of round shape, this is due to their simplicity and ease of maintenance.

Bottom types

1. Round bottom - such wells are often called barrels.
2. Quadrangular bottom - made in the form of a square or rectangle.

The calculation of the area of ​​a circle is carried out according to the following formula - S = πR2. Based on this, it turns out that the volume for a well with a working volume of a pit of 3 sq. m. will be equal to 3 m 3 \u003d 2.3 m * 3.14 * R2.

Having made some calculations, we find the value of R, it is equal to 0.65 m, and, accordingly, a pit with a depth of 3 meters should have a diameter of 1.3 meters. In the case of a rectangular or square well with a depth of 3m. its bottom area is 2.3 m.

The depth of the sewer well is calculated taking into account the additional depth, width and height, which will later be used for reinforcing walls that protect the well from a crumbling earthen ball. Installation of protective walls can be made of the following material:

1. Reinforced concrete rings.
2. Concrete.
3. Brick.

The bottom of the pit is covered with layers of sand and rubble, the thickness of which is at least 30-40 cm. Taking into account the brickwork, which is 12 cm, the width of the pit should be increased by 25 cm, and the depth - by 40 cm - a layer of rubble and sand. When calculating, rounding up is possible, rounding down is unacceptable. It should be remembered that the depth of the sewer well is one of the most important indicators, the calculations of which require special attention.

Features of the device and installation of sewer wells from concrete rings

Concrete rings are widely used among utility companies involved in the maintenance and laying of underground pipelines. They are also used for the construction of drainage and storm sewer systems, underground pipelines, collectors. They have no analogues.

High-level operational properties make it possible to use in any climatic area. Due to the huge number of advantages, concrete sewer wells are in great demand.

Concrete rings for wells have a number of advantages, such as:

1. Low cost.
2. Fast installation work.
3. Ease in waterproofing works.
4. High structural strength.
5. Long service life.
6. Correct geometric shape.
7. Tight fit of the rings to each other, ease of elimination of the remaining gaps.

Disadvantages of concrete rings:

1. Low threshold for splitting resistance, increased brittleness and cracking.
2. The need for vehicles to move even a short distance.
3. Huge weight, requiring high costs for installation and delivery.

Reinforced concrete rings are a common material widely used in laying sewer systems. The construction of a sewer well using concrete rings requires the following steps:

1. Development of a scheme for further installation and calculation of the cost of work.
2. Pit preparation, which includes digging a hole according to predetermined sizes.
3. Having created a pit, they begin to work on the bottom of the well.
4. We carry out the installation of the main (first) ring, which sits on the concrete solution. After that, pipes are laid in holes previously made in the rings. The gaps remaining at the junction are tightly covered with a sealing agent.
5. Further, the installation of all other rings is carried out in such a way that the position of their locks coincides. The resulting cracks are covered with sealant.
6. A concrete slab and a hatch are laid on top of the resulting structure.

Features of the device and installation of brick sewer wells

The device of a sewer well made of brick requires a number of knowledge and skills. Knowledge is needed to allow work to be carried out, starting with the installation of the frame and other structures and ending with the internal and external design of the structure.

To build a brick well, only red is used - burnt brick or stone of natural origin. To connect the material to each other, a cement solution made from river sand is used. Also, for a brick well, such components are used as: brackets, anchors, round frames and fittings.

Installation of a brick sewer well has the following sequence:

1. Having previously calculated the volume of the well and its dimensions, we mark the pit. A small pit can be dug manually or with an excavator.
2. At the bottom of the resulting pit, we install formwork and fill it with a 20 cm layer of mortar prepared from sand, crushed stone and cement. Leave to harden for 1 week, periodically wetting with water.
3. After the mortar has hardened, we begin laying the walls on the cement mortar.
4. The resulting (finished) walls are plastered with cement mortar. After it sets, we perform ironing - rubbing dry cement into wet plaster.
5. The bottom of the well is formed depending on its further purpose.
6. We carry out waterproofing of dried plaster. We take mastic or hot bitumen and cover the entire inner surface of the well.
7. We knock out a hole for the pipes. We insert the pipes, and seal the remaining gap with silicone.
8. We fill up the gap formed between the pit and the walls of the well, cover it. For the drain well, a ventilation installation is provided, which is carried out by mounting a plastic pipe. A fungus is put on top of the pipe. The edges of the well are covered with soil in such a way that the base of the well is 10 cm above ground level.

Well plastering

The solution used for plastering should have the density of purchased sour cream. The solution is applied with movements directed from top to bottom. To obtain smooth walls, vertical and horizontal beacons are used. Existing metal structures are also covered with a layer of plaster, which will protect them from corrosion. Next, they are engaged in the design of the head and cleaning the bottom, which is covered with a gravel-sand mixture.

The construction of a natural stone well is carried out according to the same scheme, only it is much more complicated, due to the fact that the stones have unequal sizes and shapes, which require time to fit them and more mortar consumption, which costs money.

Many private houses located in rural areas are connected to the central water supply system. Usually, at the border of the site, a tie-in is made into the main, the pipe from which goes to the residential building. Since the water supply is buried in the ground, a recess is made for the tie-in in the form of a well, where a tap is mounted and, at the request of the water supply organization, a water meter.

Often such manholes are installed near the entrance to the gate and, if they are not somehow marked or fenced off, then cars approaching the house can accidentally run into the cover. From this, the earth crumbles, the well becomes clogged and its maintenance is difficult. To prevent such cases from happening, it is better to completely repair the manhole once and strengthen it so that even an accidental collision with a car does not cause him any harm.

In our case, the tie-in to the central water supply passes just near the main entrance to the site. It was made a long time ago, instead of a well there was a small hatch covered with a piece of iron sheet. Since the water supply is summer, it had to be turned off for the winter, unscrewing the connection in order to expel water from the pipes with a compressor in order to prevent them from defrosting. The walls of the hatch were earthen, they crumbled all the time. In the spring, it was first necessary to clean the valve and pipes from dirt, and then connect the water supply.

Once it got tired, and we decided to repair the manhole. The first step was to remove all the earth from the hatch and increase its size to make it easier to carry out maintenance work. The walls were aligned vertically, deepened a little so that when the valve was attached to the pipe, nothing would interfere with its screwing. Sand was poured into the bottom of the well and leveled.

Red old bricks were laid on the sand so that the base of the well was with a hard floor. The gaps between the bricks were filled with sand, brushing it off with a broom.

Now let's start connecting the plumbing. We will install a tee between the country pipe and the valve of the central line. We screw another ball valve into it. It will be needed to connect a flexible hose from which it will be possible to water the lawn, and to drain water from pipes before conserving the water supply for the winter. According to the agreement with the organization servicing the house, water is metered according to the watered area, so the installation of a meter is not required.

The next step in repairing the manhole will be to strengthen its walls. For these purposes, we also need a red brick. We put it on edge, prepare a cement mortar and lay it out to the level of the ground surface.

At the end, we dilute the solution thinner and fill the gaps between the walls with it, adding strength to them.

Lay the top row of bricks flat. We ran out of red, so we used white. The manhole for the water supply is almost ready.

It remains to make a hatch for him. For these purposes, we take 4 metal corners and cut them off with a grinder to fit the outer perimeter of the manhole.

We clean them from rust and weld them to each other using electric welding.

In search of a hatch, we went to the nearest scrap metal dump, where for a small price we found a sheet of old iron 3 mm thick. The grinder cut it to the size of the manhole.

Again using electric welding, welded hinges to the hatch and corners. To protect the lid from theft, different hinges were installed, one right, the other left. Now it is impossible to remove the hatch from them.

But you can remove the cover along with the corners. To correct this defect with a drill, we drill a hole in the corner on the side and in the brick to a depth of 10 cm, insert some kind of bolt into it and weld its head to the corner. We will make such fasteners from 4 sides, now iron can be stolen only by destroying the brickwork. But such a system will protect reliably from petty thieves.

To prevent the hatch from dangling, we drilled a small hole in it, and welded a threaded stud to the top corner. Now you can close the lid, the pin goes into the hole, and we attract the hatch with a lamb nut.

Let's paint the metal parts with rust protection paint and that's it, the manhole for the water supply is ready.

And so that cars do not run into it, we will plant a couple of bushes between the well and the road, besides protecting the area a little from road dust.

stroimzanovo.ru

Manhole: functions and applications

The sewer circuit is used for the fastest possible elimination of domestic wastewater, melted water, and rainwater into specially designed sedimentation tanks, collectors, or wells. All branches of the communication network are located underground. For this reason, for the possibility of visual control, a special manhole for sewerage systems is equipped. In this article, the device of such a well is considered in detail. Such wells are installed to be able to service individual sections of the pipeline and perform standard planned procedures.

Purpose of manholesVarieties of manholesDesign features Manhole installation Well dimensionsHow to make a manhole out of bricks

The purpose of manholes

Tanks that are mounted on sewer systems are used to perform some procedures that help determine the composition of the liquid, and for other purposes, as indicated below:

• Control over the area where the pipe structure turns, there is a branch, or an intersection. In any system, there are straight sections on which wells are equipped at both ends to be able to provide constant access to the pipe if it is necessary to carry out planned cleaning activities. Couplings and flanges are installed in areas with turns and various branches, in which leaks of varying degrees of intensity most often occur;
• Provides access to areas with installed control valves or various locking mechanisms;
• Locations of pumping stations. Often, in areas where branches and intersections are installed, there is reinforcement to be able to adjust the intensity of water flows in the system. To access such fittings, it is necessary to equip a well;
• Locations of pumping stations, installed metering devices, various equipment. It’s just that certain types of mechanisms and devices can be installed on the line; special tanks are equipped for their operation;
• Wells are installed to ensure the planned discharge of wastewater at the water supply site in the event of an emergency;
• In autonomous systems, wells often serve as a source drinking water or perform the function of a caisson located above the mouth of a drilled well;
• Tanks for inspection purposes are mounted at the sites of entry into the building or overcoming obstacles that have arisen in the way of the water supply system.

These are the main reasons why wells are equipped.

Types of manholes

According to the specific purpose, the following types of manholes are distinguished:

• Linear. Equipped only on straight sections. The distance between them is determined by the diameter of the pipes;
• Turning. Correspond to the shape of the sewer, have a slight level of curvature of no more than three diameters of the installed pipe;
• nodal. It is installed at the junction of two or more water mains. In large-sized systems, such wells are also called connecting compartments;
• Control wells are installed outside the red line of the construction site from the side of the structure. Such devices are needed to ensure control of the outer part of the sewer system;
• The flushing well facilitates the removal of accumulated sediments.
• A well with a large manhole and a neck. The distance between the wells of one system must correspond to at least 50 meters.

For the manufacture of such wells, different materials can be used.

Design features of manholes

Each manhole is equipped according to the following principle:

• Each inspection outlet must be closed, so there must always be a bottom in the wells;
• The working part is often a ring of large diameter, a rectangle, a square, or a geometric figure formed in a certain way, where, if necessary, an employee will dive;
• A cover made in accordance with GOST 3634-99 must be a hatch made of cast iron or plastic. This is one of the most significant components of the manhole, which ensures the safety of households and prevents contamination from the external environment from entering the system. It is desirable to equip such a device with a locking mechanism;

In some cases, ladders are installed in the wells, allowing free movement inside the well. In some cases, this element is replaced by some kind of shelves.

The principle of functioning of the well is not particularly complicated. The pipe from the main water supply is transferred to an equipped well using a connection with a container. The connection point is properly sealed. Each inspection branch is provided with a tray component, in which scheduled inspection procedures are carried out.

Hatch installation

Despite its simplicity, the well hatch is considered a particularly significant element in the design. The production of such hatches is controlled by the established state standard. The quality of the fitted cover is of the utmost importance. The body of the cast-iron tray consists of only one cover. They are often mounted on necks 700 mm in diameter. The weight of a heavy hatch, in accordance with the state quality standard, must reach at least 134 kg, and lightweight elements - a maximum of 80 kg.

Lightweight covers are mostly installed on sidewalks, where they are subjected to a relatively small load. In addition to cast iron products, in the manufacture of hatches, polymers are used, which are highly environmentally friendly and relatively light in weight. Lids made of polymers contain a special filler, which makes them possible to recycle.

Well dimensions

Compliance with the dimensions of the working chamber is of great importance. The minimum height is 180 cm, and the diameter is determined by the type of pipe. If the pipe thickness is 60 cm, the working chamber will be at least 10 cm in diameter. If the pipe is 800 mm, the minimum size of the working chamber should be 1500 mm. The size of the neck in such wells is often the same and is 70 cm. When the pipe diameter is 600 mm, the neck must be equipped so that various cleaning devices pass through.

Through a special reinforced concrete block, or a conical part, you can approach the neck of the well. At ground level, the well is closed with a hatch. The installation of such a cover must be carried out at a height of 7 cm from the ground when equipping a well in a green zone. When installing this sewage element in any undeveloped area, the hatch is mounted at a distance of 20 cm from the surface.

How to make a manhole out of bricks

Anyone can equip a manhole made of plastic, reinforced concrete rings or lay out ordinary bricks. Depending on the specific material, a specific control technique may be used. Today there is a huge range of building materials, so a variety of technologies can be used. A brick well will last a long time, will perform the functions assigned to it perfectly. The reliability and quality characteristics of such containers have been tested by many years of practice, therefore they cannot raise any doubts.

When equipping centralized heating systems modern materials are often used, and brick is used for sewerage equipment in private housing construction. Locations for hydraulic structures are always planned in advance. For the subsequent installation of the constituent elements, trenches are dug out, whole pits are equipped.

To do everything right, you need to perform the following sequence of actions:

• To begin with, surface preparation is carried out, a layer of sand and gravel is laid out on the bottom;
• A reinforced concrete base is being poured with or without an additional reinforcing mesh;
• It is necessary to equip the walls of the well. Brickwork is carried out taking into account each inlet and outlet for pipes;
• A concrete cover is installed on the walls, which should be closed with a massive hatch;
• An external waterproofing procedure is being carried out;
• The remaining space in the pit around the well must be covered with sand. When equipping holes, it is imperative to take into account the parameters of the glasses, but not the pipe structures.

At the junction of the pipe with the well, waterproofing is always performed.

oborudovanie1.ru

description, device, types and features

There are many elements in the sewerage system that are designed to ensure the smooth operation of the network. The inspection well acts as one of the main structures, with the help of which specialists check the performance and clean the sewer. This indicates that these components of the system are the central link of the external sewage system.

Main varieties

Depending on the purpose, some types of manholes can be distinguished, among them: linear, rotary, nodal, control, flushing, differential, as well as special ones with enlarged neck sizes. Linear should be located on straight sections of the sewer system with a step that depends on the diameter of the pipe. Turntables are located where the system changes the direction of the lines, such as when turning. This type of well differs from the above tray configurations, which is represented by a smooth curve shape with a minimum radius of curvature. It should be equal to three pipe diameters. When determining the angle of rotation, specialists must remember that it should not be more than 90 °. The nodal inspection well is located at those points where several lines of the system are connected into a single whole. They have a tray assembly that connects a maximum of three inlet and outlet pipes. If we are talking about large collectors, then the nodal wells in them are called connecting chambers.

Description of other types of manholes

Control wells are located at the points of connection of the yard, intra-canal or factory network to the one located on the street. They are installed outside the construction line from the side of the houses. Such wells are necessary to control the operation of the system of added objects. Washing wells are installed in the starting sections, where there is a possibility of precipitation due to low speeds. Drop wells should be located at points where the inlet pipe and the mark of the outlet pipe tray differ. Special wells have a more impressive neck and hatch. In this case, the collector must have a diameter of 600 mm, and the distance between the wells will be 50 m or more.

Features of the manhole

The inspection well is based on a tray, a hatch, a neck and a working chamber. The structure can be made of different materials: rubble stone, reinforced concrete blocks or bricks. In the diagram, these elements are indicated by polygonal, round or rectangular shapes. The base consists of a reinforced concrete slab laid on a cushion of crushed stone. The main technological part is a tray made of monolithic concrete grade M200. In this case, formwork is used, which is poured with cement mortar and reinforced with reinforcement.

The inspection well has a pipeline that goes into the tray part, wastewater moves through it. If we are talking about a linear variety of the well, then its tray part is straight, and the lower part is vertical. The height of the tray must not be less than the parameter that determines the diameter of the larger pipe. On both sides of the tray there should be shelves that slope towards it. These shelves will serve as platforms where workers are placed during repair work.

Features of the main components of the well

If you are interested in the manhole device, then you should know that its working chamber has a height of 1800 mm. Whereas the diameter will be determined by the diameter of the pipe. If the last parameter is 600 mm, then the diameter of the working chamber should be 1000 mm. The neck has standard dimensions, which are equal to 700 mm. If the pipe diameter is 600 mm, then the neck must be located in such a way that cleaning devices can be placed in it. For descent, the working chamber and the neck are equipped with brackets and hinged ladders.

State standards for hatches

It may seem to a simple layman that the hatch is not such an important element of the manhole. But it's not. The main material for the manufacture of this component is cast iron. Cast iron hatches for manholes are manufactured in accordance with GOST 3634-61. This element includes a body with a cover for installation on the neck, and the diameter of the latter should be equal to 700 mm. The openings for the passage have a diameter of 620 mm. If there is a need to lay the hatch on the roadway, then its mass will be 134 kg, while the lungs are located on the sidewalks, and their weight is 80 kg.

Manhole hatches, the GOST of which was mentioned above, can also be made of polymeric materials, the latter are lightweight, durable, environmentally safe and durable. When using polymeric materials, fillers are added to the ingredients during the manufacturing process, making the recycling process impossible. Therefore, such products are not of interest to receivers of recyclables.

Well device

In order for the system to function correctly, GOST must be used, manholes are made according to standards 8020-90. At the initial stage, earthworks are carried out, which provide for the need to dig a trench and a foundation pit. Prior to this, experts preparatory work in the form of marking the territory, demolition of shrubs and the arrangement of a congress to the construction site. After the pit is ready, its bottom is cleaned, the angles of the slopes of the walls are checked against the project, as well as the level of the foundation. If you decide to use a stone structure, then at the bottom of the pit it is necessary to equip a waterproofing layer, the thickness of which should be 20 cm. Waterproofing can be done using bituminous mastic.

To create a concrete or reinforced concrete well, you should prepare the base, make a concrete pad, the thickness of the latter should be 10 cm. You can use a ready-made concrete slab.

Work methodology

Specialists carry out the installation of a tray of the desired shape from concrete with reinforcement in the form of reinforcement. Pipe ends should be sealed with concrete or bitumen. The inner surface of the rings is treated with bitumen. As soon as the bottom gains strength, you can proceed with the installation of rings and floor slabs. Then you should wipe the seams with cement mortar and waterproof them with the same bitumen. In places where the pipeline will enter the system, a 30 cm clay lock should be made, the height of which is 60 cm more than the diameter of the pipe.

Final works

Tests must be carried out within a day, for this the well is filled with water to the upper edge, and plugs are installed on the pipes. This recommendation only applies to sealed containers. Outside, the walls are covered with soil, which is well compacted. A concrete blind area is made around the neck, the width of which is 1.5 m. The remaining joints should be insulated with bitumen.

Conclusion

If you want the sewerage system to work properly, then you should use GOST. Cast iron hatches for inspection wells, for example, are also made according to state standards, which were mentioned in the article above.

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Sewer manholes - device, types, installation

The sewer system is a combination of a large number of different elements, external sewerage is part of this system. Manholes are used for regular functional and maintenance checks. These sewer facilities can rightfully be called the central link of the entire network, as they are installed in the most difficult areas.

They facilitate access to valves and pipelines, which can run at a depth of up to 2 meters. Without a manhole, it is impossible to carry out maintenance and, if necessary, repair sewers. Below we consider what elements they consist of, their varieties, installation, and so on.

Manhole device

All structures, regardless of their type and purpose, have a similar structure. The main details are:

• tray;
• neck;
• mine or chamber.

Most often, wells are a round shaft made of various materials. Cameras are mounted if:

1. inlet and outlet pipelines differ in diameter;
2. the slope of the pipeline changes;
3. the flow of water changes direction;
4. several pipes are connected into one.

Straight sections are also equipped with chambers, not shafts. Tray - serves to connect pipes, usually made of concrete, the height is equal to the diameter of the pipe. The bottom is poured with concrete, and the neck, as well as the shaft, can be varied. The material for the shaft are concrete rings or polymeric materials with high ring strength, such as Korsis pipes.

Video: Plastic sewer wells

The type of well is determined depending on the presence of the following features:

1. the layout of the nozzles for the input of sewer pipes;
2. functional purpose;
3. pipeline type.

Guided by the first point of classification, they are divided into:

The following table shows the varieties, taking into account the signs from the second paragraph:

According to the type of pipeline, wells are classified into:

• sewer - mounted on domestic and main pipelines;
• storm - serve to service both surface lines and drainage pipelines running below the freezing level of the soil.

Differences in the design of wells are minor.

Manhole installation

Firstly, it is necessary to decide on the material from which the well will be made, it can be: concrete rings, brick, polymer structures. Concrete and brick structures are more difficult to install.

For concrete rings, the help of special equipment is required, and for bricks, skills in working with brickwork. There are ready-made plastic containers on sale, which, due to their low weight, are quite easy to install.

Installation steps on the example of concrete rings:

1. Preparation and marking of the installation site.
2. Earthworks - digging a pit, the width of which should be 0.5 m more than the diameter of the well.
3. Cushion device, 15 cm thick, made of crushed stone or gravel.
4. Cushion waterproofing with bitumen or roll insulation.
5. Installation of formwork or installation of a finished tray.
6. Installation of concrete rings on cement mortar.
7. Waterproofing of seams and at the joints of pipes and walls of the well.
8. Backfill outside with earth.
9. Cover and hatch installation.
10. A concrete blind area 1 - 1.5 m wide is poured around the neck.

Requirements for the installation of wells

The main requirements for the installation of sewer wells include:

• installation of trays is carried out on a sand or gravel pillow;
• distance between wells - from 30 meters or more, depending on the diameter of the pipes;
• plastic structures must have stiffeners or a corrugated surface;
• the structure should not be washed away by groundwater;
• Insulation may be required depending on the level of soil freezing.

Video: Installing concrete rings for a sewer well

pro-kanalizaciju.ru

how to do it right with your own hands

When installing water wells, traditional materials are brick structures or reinforced concrete rings. But not so long ago, an alternative appeared - plastic wells for plumbing. Their popularity is growing at a rapid pace. This phenomenon is not accidental, since the materials have some advantages over traditional materials.

Construction of a water well

In our article, we will consider what a plastic well for drinking water is, its advantages and installation features. At the same time, brick as a material for sewage has already lost its relevance, since its use requires a lot of physical and financial costs. Therefore, we will consider and compare plastic and concrete rings as materials for organizing water supply and well equipment.

Use in the water supply system

By their design, plastic materials and concrete rings are very similar and practically do not differ in any way. Concrete has more weight, but the load on the soil is compensated by the roundness of the structure, thereby ensuring optimal strength. A properly made design will serve for many decades, retaining its qualities.

The scheme of the summer country water supply from the well

Plastic wells for water perfectly withstand sudden changes in temperature, have a high level of tightness and efficiency. They have versatility, so they can be used for systems of any type.

Types of plastic wells

One of the most common types are serviced. Their diameter is more than one meter. This is due to the fact that a person can freely enter the well. They consist of several elements, therefore they do not represent a monolithic structure.

The other type is unattended. They have a high level of tightness, have excellent liquid transport capabilities, are durable and can last for many years, provided correct operation.

There is another type used for the well system - a special one. They have a grate and are equipped with sand traps. Equipping a water well, it is almost impossible to do without manholes.

Use in drainage work

Water wells for drainage purposes are used closed type. In order to maintain optimal condition and prevent blockages, it is necessary to regularly clean with a pump and high water pressure from accumulations of sand.

To monitor the condition and keep the system in working condition, it is better to install closed type wells. Properly positioned, they should be located no closer than 50 m from each other and at the places of pipe joints. If you ignore and do not equip a well for a viewing type water supply, sand and other water-insoluble particles will accumulate in the system in the future. Filters alone will not clean the water. Therefore, in the end, the system will not be able to fulfill its intended purpose.

Drainage works

Wells are used to store water. The liquid is then used to water the plants or dumped into a pond.

If there are no reservoirs and other places for water discharge nearby, it is necessary to install absorption wells. Their bottom should be covered with sand or gravel.

As part of such a well, there must be a corrugated pipe with a size of 1 - 6 m. There is a bottom, a roof and a hatch. The disadvantage at the initial stage is that a plastic well will cost more than a traditional reinforced concrete one. But very soon the investment will pay off due to cheaper operation and maintenance.

What are the methods of application in the plumbing system

A distinctive feature of plastic wells is that they can be used in regions with both cold winters and milder ones, they tolerate earthquakes well. Due to the fact that high-quality materials are used in the manufacturing process, the plastic construction has a high degree of reliability, it is well tolerated by sudden temperature changes, including mechanical stress.

Under the influence of groundwater, a reinforced concrete structure may shift relative to its axis over time. Compared to them, plastic structures will remain in their original place, no matter what, including when the soil freezes. This is possible only due to the fact that the joints of the rings are perfectly sealed. Therefore, under no circumstances can groundwater and dirt seep into them. Thus, it is possible to significantly save on their maintenance.

Features of installation work

Plastic rings are much easier to install when arranging the plumbing system. It is important that this is facilitated by the absence of the need to use special lifting equipment, the rental of which will be expensive.

Today there is a huge choice of plastic rings and accessories to them. This makes it possible to make any, even the most complex designs, using many gate valves and other additional components in the course of work.

Plastic structures at the moment fully comply with not only domestic, but also international requirements.

Use for drinking water pipes

Everyone knows that the use of high-quality water for drinking and cooking is one of the main conditions for health. Therefore, plastic wells are currently very popular. They have a high degree of tightness, which will not allow dirt to enter the water, ground water and other factors affecting quality.

Today, it is possible to update old concrete wells using plastic inserts for this purpose. They perfectly protect drinking water from pollution, thereby protecting the health of those who consume this water.

For the manufacture of plastic wells when mounted in a drinking water supply system, primary polyethylene is used. No impurities are added during the manufacturing process. Due to the fact that recycled materials are not used, the design has increased strength and durability. That is why it fully complies with domestic and international quality standards.

The walls of the rings are not very thick, the structure itself is incomparably lighter than reinforced concrete. Therefore, both in terms of the inner and outer diameters, it is very easy to mount them in an existing reinforced concrete well. Thus, the system will be modernized and reliably protect water from pollution.

As we have already said, today there is already a large selection of plastic rings and elements, which will make it possible to make a well of any height and volume.

At will, you can make such a well welded or prefabricated. Welded wells have greater durability and tightness.

Plastic wells for drinking water at the moment are an excellent alternative to the usual reinforced concrete ones. And given their qualities and serious advantages, today they can already be considered as an option for equipping a water supply system or upgrading an existing one.

kolodeconline.ru

We make and install a sewer well with our own hands

If you are building a new house or decide to improve the old one, one of the main tasks will be the installation of communications that provide comfortable living. Since it is impossible without a properly designed drainage system, the question will also arise - how to make a sewer well with your own hands. If you want to save money and do not plan to involve a contractor in this work, then before starting it, you should study all the norms and rules for sewerage for a private at home. They are contained in SNiPs, which are quite difficult for people who are not related to the construction business to understand, so we suggest that you just read this article carefully.

Rules for the construction of sewer wells

Before you start doing something, you need to decide on the place for the well, its volume and depth. To do this, you will need to draw at least a primitive sewerage scheme from the exit from the house to the well, which will also help you calculate the required amount of materials required.

Sanitary requirements

Choosing a place for a sewer septic tank or cesspool First of all, the location of water intake points should be taken into account. And not only on your site, but also on neighboring ones. If contaminated wastewater seeps into aquifer, and from there to the well, this can cause serious diseases. The type of soil also matters - how permeable it is. The instruction requires compliance with the following distances between sewer and water wells:

• With sandy soils - at least 50 meters;
• With clay - at least 20 meters.

Having determined the places on your site that meet these requirements, you can decide which one is more convenient to locate the structure, taking into account the distance to the house and the position of the outlet point of the internal sewer system.

Technical requirements

The first thing to know is that you cannot place the structure closer than three meters from the foundation of the house. The ideal distance is 8-12 meters in a straight line. But it is not always possible to withstand it: the layout and topography of the site may not allow this. In such cases, when building a sewer well with your own hands, you must follow the following rules:

• If the length of the sewer pipeline is very large, manholes must be installed on it. The first - at a distance of 3 to 12 meters from the outlet from the house, the next - every 15 meters. They are necessary to control the operation of the system and facilitate its cleaning if necessary.

• If the pipeline has turns or is connected to one common line of two or more outlets, a rotary well is installed at such nodes. It is also used as a lookout.

• If the terrain does not allow laying a pipe with a minimum slope, a differential well is built to ensure an acceptable flow rate of effluents.

It is important! It should be explained why the speed at which sewage flows through pipes is so important. If it is very small, a plug may occur in the pipe, which will clog the lumen. If it is too large, then the liquid will drain quickly, not having time to entrain solid fractions with it, which again will lead to the formation of congestion.

Water flows into the sewer well by gravity, which is provided by the slope of the pipe. With a diameter of 100 mm, it should be 2 cm per linear meter, but if the diameter is 50 mm, the slope is one and a half times larger - 3 cm per linear meter.

That is, the farther the well is located from the outlet, the deeper it should be, since the entrance to it will be lower. By drawing a sewerage scheme on a scale with the correct slope of the pipeline, you will receive this mark, after which you can calculate the depth and volume of the container.

For reference. The volume is calculated based on the number of people living in the house, each of whom has about 150 liters of waste per day, the type of well and the frequency of its emptying.

Types of drain wells

It can be accumulative or filtering. In any case, it is a working container with a neck closed by a hatch, the difference lies in the bottom device. So:

• The accumulative is designed to collect sewage, which, as it is filled, is pumped out by a sewage machine (ilosom) and taken out. It must be completely sealed.
• In the filtering liquid seeps into the lower layers of the soil, where it is gradually cleared, passing through its layers, so it is made without a bottom and is installed on a filtering layer of gravel, broken brick or crushed stone. It has to be pumped out less frequently.

Attention! At a high level of groundwater, the device of a filtering well without preliminary treatment of wastewater is unacceptable.

There is also a more advanced design of sewer wells - a septic tank, in which stepwise wastewater treatment takes place, but it must be designed and installed by specialists.

How to build a sewer well yourself

Many private developers decide to deal with the sewage system on their own, since this is not the most difficult task, and the cost savings are decent.

Stages of work

Since the average depth is 4-6 meters, in order to reduce labor costs and save time, it is better to dig a pit under it with an excavator. The diameter of the pit should be greater than the outer diameter of the well (or its linear dimensions with a rectangular or square shape) by at least 30-40 cm. If you decide to make a storage tank from reinforced concrete rings, rubble stone or brick, the sequence of work is as follows:

• Digging a trench for the pipeline and excavation;
• Preparation of the base by backfilling a layer of crushed stone at the bottom and ramming it;
• Filling the bottom with concrete;

For reference. You can do it easier and lay a finished reinforced concrete slab on the bottom of the pit.

• Installing rings or laying brick walls. The seams between the rings are sealed with cement mortar, brick walls are also plastered with it;

• Inlet device for inserting a drain pipe. After its installation, the injection site is also carefully sealed;

Note. The inlet pipe should protrude 5-8 cm into the well.

• Insulation of the outer walls with tar or a layer of greasy clay;
• Backfilling of soil with its compaction;
• Laying a floor slab with a hatch;

• Installation of a ventilation pipe to prevent the accumulation of explosive gases in the well, which are released during the decomposition of organic matter. It should rise above ground level by at least 60-70 cm.

In the same way, a filter well is built, with the only difference being that the bottom under it is not completely filled, but only under the walls, so that they do not rest on the ground, but on a concrete base. In addition, drainage holes are punched in the lower part of the first ring, and a backfill of rubble is made outside. In the case of brick construction, holes are left immediately in the lower rows of masonry.

Plastic wells

It is much easier to use ready-made containers made of durable and frost-resistant plastic. Perhaps the price of the products themselves will be higher than the cost of reinforced concrete rings, but you can save time and effort, as well as money, without calling a manipulator to install heavy and bulky structures in the pit. Plastic wells are light, and you can handle it yourself. They are produced in different volumes and diameters, with ready-made inlets for pipes, so you will not have any difficulties with their selection and installation.

In addition to low weight and ease of installation, plastic wells have the following advantages:

• Absolute tightness, which will allow you not to engage in insulation work and not worry about possible leaks;
• Resistant to both very low and high temperatures;
• Resistance to aggressive environments;
• High strength and, as a result, durability. They will not require any repairs throughout the entire period of operation.

Final work

The finished well is completely covered with earth to prevent freezing. Only the hatch remains open. There should always be free access to it, and there should be access roads for ilosos nearby. It remains only to think about how to fit this element, necessary for a comfortable life, but not very attractive, into the landscape of the site, especially if it is located in an open place. It's easy to do. Now there are special decorative covers for well hatches in the form of a large boulder or a removable flower bed. You can arrange an alpine slide around the hatch or install a light wooden or wire frame for climbing plants. There are many options, it is enough to turn on the fantasy.

Conclusion

From all of the above, we can draw an unambiguous conclusion: our comfort is in our hands, and if desired, it can be achieved without spending extra money and physical strength. If we talk specifically about the device of individual sewerage on the site, then the easiest way is to assemble it from finished products - plastic pipes, connecting elements and different kind wells. How to do it right, the video in this article will tell you.

Manholes are mounted on the most important sections of the sewer pipeline. After all, with the help of these elements of the diversion system, you can get close to the shut-off and control valves and the pipe body itself, laid to a depth of 1.5-2 meters.

That is, without a manhole, neither repair nor maintenance of the sewer network is possible. Therefore, in this article we will consider their structure, evaluate the typical varieties of wells and deal with the installation diagram of this element of the drainage network.

Any manhole consists of the following elements:

• The reinforcing frame of the shaft (round or square section), in the inner part of which a ladder is mounted. Moreover, in the body of the frame there are special holes for the pipes of the sewer pipeline.
• Bottom - lower floor, smooth or equipped with profiles for channels. In the latter case, branch pipes or inlet openings for pipelines are located right at the base of the well, (from the side of the lower end of the mine).
• Upper ceiling with a hole for the hatch.
• Hatch - round or square, with curtains or removable, equipped with a lock or ordinary. Moreover, on the outside of the hatch, there is always a marking indicating the varieties of the well (they will be discussed below in the text).

The typical material of the reinforcing frame, bottom and top floor is reinforced concrete. That is, the body of the well (the reinforcing frame of the shaft) is assembled from standard concrete rings. The bottom of the manhole, in this case, is equipped with a round slab or by pouring mortar into the formwork laid at the base of the shaft. Well, the upper floor is equipped with a pre-equipped plate with perforation under the hatch.

However, a modern sewer manhole can be assembled not only from reinforced concrete. Heavy and short-lived concrete rings and slabs are being replaced by plastic parts. Moreover, polymer wells are assembled on the basis of two-layer polyethylene or polypropylene pipes (Korsis series and its analogues) with high ring stiffness. As the bottom of the well, in this case, a special tray with nozzles is used for mounting pipes end-to-end or in a socket. The role of the floor slab is played by a cast neck mounted on the upper cut of the pipe.

Hatches for a well can be cast iron, steel, and polymer. Moreover, metal options have greater strength. Therefore, if the well is equipped in an area with heavy traffic (on the road, highway, parking lot, and so on), then the hatch should only be metal (preferably cast iron).

Inspection sewer wells: an overview of the varieties

The classification of wells can be built on the basis of three features, namely:

• According to the layout of pipes or holes for entering sewer pipes.
• According to the functional purpose of the well.
• By pipeline type.

According to the first classification method, there are the following types of structures:

• A linear well through which one branch of the pipeline passes. Therefore, in the design of such a well, one inlet or one outlet pipe (hole) is provided.
• Nodal well, which is mounted at the junction of two or more branches of the pipeline. That is, such a well has one inlet (or outlet) and several outlet (or inlet) nozzles. And with the help of such a well, you can split the flow into several branches (or merge these sleeves into one stream).
• Drop well, which forms a slope in the sewer pipeline, due to the displacement of the central axis of the outlet pipe (hole), relative to the axis of the inlet channel. In this case, the outlet pipe is located below the inlet.

According to the second classification method, the following options can be distinguished from the whole variety of structures:

• Rotary wells, inside of which there is an angular connection of pipeline branches. Therefore, the central axes of the branch pipes of such wells are located at an angle to each other, and not along one line.
• Control wells mounted above revisions. Moreover, SNIP control sewer manholes are recommended to be located for every 30-300 (depending on the diameter) meters of the pipeline length.
• Filtration wells, in the internal space of which there is a differential or mechanical filter that cleans the flow from impurities.
• Accumulative wells or septic tanks (sand collectors), with which you can partially clean the stream, separating solid waste from the liquid fraction. Such a well is equipped in an easily accessible place. After all, it needs to be cleaned as silt deposits accumulate at the bottom.

The third classification technique divides wells into the following varieties:

• Options for sewer networks, mounted on both domestic and main pipelines.
• Constructions for storm networks. Moreover, the storm sewer manhole involves the maintenance of both surface lines and deep-seated drainage pipelines (below the level of soil freezing).

Structural differences between such wells are minimal.

Where are manholes installed?

It is customary to equip manholes in the following places:

• At the corner junction of the branches of the sewer or drainage pipeline. In this case, a rotary manhole is used.
• At the branching of the branches of the pipeline. Nodal wells are mounted here
• Along the entire length of the site, with a step of 30-300 meters. This is how control wells are mounted.
• At the site of a difference in diameter or depth of pipes. In this place, differential, filtering or storage wells are mounted.

As a result, even a novice designer of drainage or sewer systems can easily calculate the location of any manhole. Well, when the location of the well is determined, you can proceed with the installation of the system.

Installation of manholes: an overview of the process

The installation process begins with digging a foundation pit. Moreover, soil sampling is done both to the bottom of the trench for the pipeline, and slightly below this mark, deepening to the diameter of the body of the future mine.

After completion of earthworks, crushed stone bedding is formed at the bottom of the pit, 15 centimeters thick. It will protect the well from subsidence and deformations of heaving of the soil.

Next, they equip waterproofing - sheet or roll, which I roll out (lay) on crushed stone. Well, a formwork for the bottom (tray) is mounted directly on the insulation or a finished slab or cast tray is installed.

Having finished the installation of the tray or filling the bottom, they proceed to the construction of the mine. Moreover, polymer wells with an inspection chamber, the shaft frame of which is assembled by large-sized Korsis pipes, are sprinkled with selected soil immediately after the connection of the pipe and tray (on the sealing ring). Moreover, the soil is filled up to the cut, on which the neck is mounted.

Concrete wells are collected in an "empty" pit, laying rings on cement screeds. After that, a waterproofing coating is equipped on the outside of the concrete shaft. The soil is poured into the pit only after the complete assembly of the concrete well. Of course, pipes are brought into the mine nozzle before the soil is filled.

Hatches are mounted in ready-made holes. And first, the neck of the hatch is installed - a steel or polymer plate, which is fixed on anchor bolts or on a concrete screed. Well, I put the hatch into the neck.

At the same time, the distance between the sewerage or drainage manholes (neighboring) and the functional purpose of the mine (swivel, dropping, and so on) are indicated on the manhole cover.

Regardless of the purpose for which the product will be used, all water wells have a similar design, but they may differ in the methods used by the workers during installation, the material from which the structure was created and other characteristics. In this article, we will consider in what areas wells can be used, what varieties they are, as well as the methods according to which the installation of products is carried out.

What are the types of structures?

If you decide to install a plastic water well, you must first study the purposes for which they are used, as well as their existing varieties. In addition to water, as well as sewer, plastic liners also come in:

Varieties of water wells

A plastic well for drinking water is a design that is designed to draw water. As a rule, they are mounted on the streets of villages - where it is not possible to use other water supply systems. In order to extract water from the bowels of the earth, a special hand pump is used, which is usually installed in places where aquifers are not too deep. The installation of such products is carried out quite quickly, but it should be borne in mind that specialists will use special equipment for drilling, since it is unrealistic to dig a hole of this size.

For self-installation, it is best to choose a mine well. Water supply in this case will be normal, and installation is carried out in a short time, while using special equipment is not necessary. It is important to create such wells in summer cottages, country houses, etc.

Varieties of mine water wells (depending on the material from which they were made) are as follows:

• wood;
• reinforced concrete;
• from stone or brick;
• plastic.

The most popular today are structures created from reinforced concrete. They can last for a long time (up to 50 years) and are quite deep (15-20 m). But it is important to note the fact that the installation of the product will require a lot of effort, material resources and time. A water well involves drilling a sufficiently deep hole, the diameter of which will be larger than the rings of the building. In order for the workers to be able to lower the concrete rings to the required depth, they will have to order a construction crane separately - in general, the construction of a structure requires a lot of energy.

What are the benefits of water wells?

All designs have the same advantages, while there are not so few of them. Consider the main ones:

• resistance to corrosion processes;
• tightness;
• stable work;
• durability;
• simple maintenance that does not require large material costs.

In addition, it is impossible not to note the purity of well water - which is why many residents of private houses prefer to use specialized wells.

Construction stages

All processes can be divided into 4 stages, we will consider each in detail:

1. Work planning, budgeting, geological exploration. Exploration is needed so that experts know exactly in which direction the aquifers are as close to the surface as possible. Thanks to this maneuver, both financial and labor costs can be significantly reduced, since workers will dig the mine as shallow as possible. It is also worth noting the fact that the well for the water supply should be installed as far as possible from the trees - it often happens that the root system of large trees deforms the walls of the pipes, which in the end leads to problems with the water supply.
2. Purchase necessary materials. As a rule, calculations are carried out by specialists - based on the data that were obtained through geological exploration. Basically, pipes take 100-150 cm, and the length of one section of the product should be about 100-200 cm. All these calculations are relative, the specialist will tell you the exact data. We must not forget that the arrangement of the filter will also be required - for it you need to purchase pebbles, crushed stone, geotextiles.
3. Creation of a mine. The diameter of the structure should be approximately 15-20 cm larger than the diameter of the pipe. Geotextiles should be laid at the bottom, then it is covered with rubble. A pipe is assembled from individual rings (if plastic is used). All connections must be treated with a special hermetic agent. Next, in order to create plastic water wells, you need to insert a pipe into the shaft. After the product is leveled, the free space must be filled with gravel. From gravel and pebbles, a specialist creates a filter. A plastic hatch is installed on the neck of the pipe.
4. Connection to the water supply. If you use a centrifugal or deep-well pump, then water can be supplied directly to the house. Basically, the design is created in such a way that water enters directly into the storage tank (a tap must be present on it).

Creating a well is always a laborious job, which also requires a lot of material investment. If all the materials are chosen correctly, the specialists will competently carry out their work - the design will delight you for many years. Therefore, this procedure must be taken seriously.